What is Email Impersonation? Everything You Need to Know

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Email impersonation might not be the most sophisticated phishing method, but it’s simple, it’s widespread, and it can be devastating. Keep reading to learn more.

Email impersonation vs. email spoofing vs. account takeover

First, we need to describe “email impersonation” and distinguish it from some closely-related concepts.

• Email impersonation: The attacker sets up an email address that looks like a legitimate email address (e.g. [email protected]).
• Email spoofing: A technical process where the attacker modifies an email’s headers so the receiving email client displays a false email address (the sender’s email address is “[email protected],” but the recipient sees “[email protected]” in their inbox)
• Account takeover: The attacker gains access to another person’s account (using hacking or stolen credentials) and uses it to send phishing emails.

Email spoofing and account takeover require some technical ability (or, at least, access to the dark web). With email impersonation, though, the attacker just needs to secure a domain that looks like it could belong to a legitimate business. 

This is easy (and cheap!) with domain registrars like GoDaddy. We explore different types of impersonation techniques below. 

Phishing methods that use email impersonation

Cybercriminals can use email impersonation to facilitate any type of email-based phishing attack. There are some types of phishing in which email impersonation is particularly common, including:

• Business Email Compromise (BEC) — Impersonating a business
• CEO fraud — Impersonating a company executive and targeting one of their employees
• Whaling — Targeting a company executive

These are all among the more sophisticated and targeted types of phishing attacks. These types of attacks must employ email impersonation, email spoofing, or account takeover to be successful.

Types of email impersonation

Now we’ll look at the various ways a cybercriminal can impersonate an email address. To understand these, you’ll need to know about the different parts of an email address:

Each of these elements of an email address is relevant to a different type of email impersonation.

Root domain-based email impersonation

A company’s root domain is usually the most distinctive part of its email address. It’s the part immediately before the top-level domain (e.g. “.com”) — the “Amazon” in “[email protected]”.

Root domain impersonation involves creating a root domain using replacement characters, so it looks like an email has arrived from a legitimate company. Here’s an example:

In this root domain impersonation, the attacker has replaced the “l” in “external” and “supplier” with a “1”. At first glance, the recipient might not notice this, and they might treat the email as though it has come from “External Supplier.”

Top-level domain-based email impersonation

The top-level domain is the part after the root domain: e.g., “.com”, “.jp”, or “.net”. The top-level domain usually denotes a country or a type of organization. For example:

• .com — Commercial organizations
• .uk — Internet country code for the UK
• .gov — US government agency

Sometimes, a second-level domain accompanies a top-level domain:

• .co.uk — Commercial organization from the UK
• .ac.jp — Higher education institution from Japan
• .waw.pl — Organization from Warsaw, Poland

Using top-level domain impersonation, a cybercriminal can create an authentic-looking email address that the recipient might assume belongs to a legitimate organization (if they even notice it).

Here’s an example:

Here we have “externalsupplier.io” imitating “externalsupplier.com”. The top-level domain “.io” is actually registered to British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), but Google recognizes it as “generic” because many non-BIOT organizations use it.

Subdomain-based email impersonation

A subdomain appears after the “@” sign, but before the root domain. For example, in “[email protected]”, the subdomain is “mail”. Most email addresses don’t have a subdomain.

An attacker can use subdomains to impersonate a legitimate company in two main ways:

1. Using a company’s name as a subdomain to the attacker’s domain. For example, in “[email protected]”, “amazon” is the subdomain and “mailerinfo” is the domain.
2. Splitting a company’s name across a subdomain and domain.

Here’s an example of the second type of subdomain impersonation:

Display name impersonation

A display name is how an email client shows a sender’s name. You can choose your display name when you sign up for an email account. We explore display name impersonation in more detail in this article: How to Impersonate a Display Name.

Display name impersonation exploits a bad habit of mobile email clients. On mobile, common email clients like Outlook and Gmail only display a sender’s display name by default. They don’t display the sender’s email address. 

So, even an email address like “[email protected]” might show as “Amazon Customer Services” in your mobile email client — if that’s the display name that the attacker selected when setting up the account.

But this isn’t a mobile-only problem. According to new research, just 54% of employees even look at the email address of a sender before responding or actioning a request. This is good news for attackers, and bad news for businesses. 

You can learn more about employees’ habits – and hacker’s tactics – in this report: How to Hack a Human.

Username impersonation

The username is the part of the email address that appears before the “@” symbol. For example, in “[email protected]”, the username is “bill.gates”.

Username impersonation is the least sophisticated form of email impersonation, but it can still work on an unsuspecting target. This technique is sometimes called “freemail impersonation,” because scammers can register false usernames with Gmail or Yahoo. 

With this technique, they can create accounts that look like they could belong to your CEO, CFO, or another trusted person in your network. 

Here’s an example:

More resources on email impersonation

Now you know the basic techniques behind email impersonation, read our articles on preventing email impersonation, CEO fraud, and Business Email Compromise to find out how to protect your business from these cyberattacks.

You can also learn how Tessian detects and prevents advanced impersonation attacks by reading our customer stories or booking a demo. Not quite ready for that? Sign-up for our newsletter below instead. You’ll be the first to know about new research and events and get helpful checklists and how-to guides straight to your inbox.